Social Inequality and Race Free Essays

Running head: SOCIAL INEQUALITY amp; RACE Social Inequality and Race Markus Nehlsen ETH/125 Megan Burke April 21, 2012 Identified Group To pick an ethnic or racial gathering which I have a place with can be simple for the individuals who see my physical appearance however it very well may be hard for me to choose. The racial gathering I have consistently asserted and related to is White non-Hispanic or Caucasian. To decide my specific ethnic gathering is muddled in light of the fact that I was embraced; be that as it may, I was raised by a German mother and Caucasian dad, so I can sort myself in with German-American ethnic gathering. We will compose a custom paper test on Social Inequality and Race or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now As I take a gander at the decisions I can best connect with, I accept the best choice for me is White non-Hispanic or Caucasian racial gathering. Cooperations It is hard to pinpoint how races interface with one another. Truly in the over a significant time span separation and preferences have happened against minority gatherings, similar to African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans. As per Eitzen (2000), the basic element of the minority group’s status is its second rate social situation, where its inclinations are not viably spoken to in the political, financial, and social foundations of the general public. In this perspective Whiteness is the ordinary or a characteristic condition. Eitzen (2000) further clarifies this is a bogus image of race. In all actuality, the racial request shapes the lives surprisingly, even Whites who are advantaged by the framework. Similarly as social classes exist according to one another, races are characterized, looked at, and decided comparable to different races. Social Inequalities There are a few people that will contend that social imbalances do exist due to race. Eitzen (2000) expressed that the United States currently faces genuine new racial issues. These issues remember the expanding seclusion of minorities for focal urban communities, developing minority joblessness, and different types of monetary disengagement. The American Prospect (2007) expressed that poor African Americans were delineated as particularly broken and undeserving of help, with an accentuation on viciousness, poor decisions, and reliance. It further clarifies that the dark underclass shows up as a hazard and a wellspring of social confusion in news records of dark urban wrongdoing, group brutality, medicate use, adolescent pregnancy, mobs, vagrancy, and general aimlessness. For example, minorities are over-spoken to in jail cells contrasted with white individuals. Not really in numbers, however relatively. This is contended, that it’s in light of the fact that the White race is progressively ensured, they can bear the cost of better legal counselors, get particular treatment by judges, and that that the minority bunches are regularly focused in tranquilize busts and group enrollment captures more frequently than Whites. Schaefer (2012) calls attention to that downtown drive-by shootings have come to be viewed as a race-explicit issue deserving of nearby authorities tidying up grieved neighborhoods. However, schoolyard shootouts are seen as a cultural concern and set on the national plan Racial Prejudice Causes According to Schaefer (2012), racial bias is frequently used to legitimize keeping a gathering in a subordinate monetary position. Strife scholars, specifically, stress the job of racial and ethnic threatening vibe as a path for the predominant gathering to keep its situation of status and force flawless. Rivalry is a gigantic factor in the reasons for racial biases. Let’s state that one Black medical attendant and one White attendant are seeking an administrator position, this opposition could prompt racial threatening vibe in the event that one sees the other being employed before them in light of race. It may be the case that more instruction gives a more extensive viewpoint and makes an individual more averse to underwrite fantasies that support racial bias. In the event that individuals are in rivalry, as effectively noted, contact may uplift pressure. Be that as it may, uniting individuals to share a typical assignment has been appeared to diminish sick sentiments when these individuals have a place with various racial, ethnic, or strict gatherings. The key factor in decreasing threatening vibe, notwithstanding equivalent status contact, is the nearness of a shared objective. (Schaefer, 2012) Conclusion According to Marti (n. d. ) most of White Americans will neglect the unmistakable encounters of other racial and ethnic gatherings since they will in general accept segregation is not, at this point an issue. They feel that America is a solidly settled meritocracy on the grounds that unmistakable African Americans are fruitful in sports and amusement and on the grounds that the through and through forswearing of access to occupations, lodging, and open housing is currently illicit. Race is a social development, and this procedure benefits the oppressor, who characterizes who is favored and who isn't. The acknowledgment of race in the public arena as a certifiable class permits the racial hierarchy to rise to the upside of the predominant races. (Schaefer, 2012) References The American Prospect. (2007) Inequality, Race, and Remedy. Recovered from http://prospect. organization/article/imbalance race-and-cure Eitzen, D. Stanley (2000) Social Problems (eighth Ed. ). : Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Recovered from http://dmc122011. delmar. edu/socsci/rlong/issues/chap-08. htm Gerald Marti. (n. d. ) Racial and Ethnic Dynamics among Contemporary Young Adults. Recovered from http://www. changingsea. net/articles/Marti. pdf Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (thirteenth ed. ). : Prentice-Hall. Step by step instructions to refer to Social Inequality and Race, Papers

Strategic Analysis A Case Study of Woolworths Ltd

Vital Analysis A Case Study of Woolworths Ltd Official Summary This report investigations in detail the general condition in which Woolworth grocery store works with a perspective on recognizing specific territories where the administration needs to place in estimates that can improve development and execution. Woolworth is a retail chain built up in both Australia and New Zealand and which principally bargains in foodstuffs.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Strategic Analysis: A Case Study of Woolworths Ltd explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The chain has additionally enhanced its activities, wandering into different business regions like managing in the oil business and food cafés inside its premises. The chain has effectively settled itself as a market chief in the retail business, building up stores in significant urban communities in both Australia and the New Zealand. Woolworth’s advertise authority was principally accomplished through arrangement of value administration to its demographic and tuning in to client requests and requests and executing them suitably. This report assesses the solid financial and worlds of politics inside which Woolworth works. Different components that contribute monstrously to the development and execution of the grocery store chains incorporate its inward factors and abilities, for example, its solid intrigue to keep, draw in and look after clients, the market hindrances constrained by the chains which keep new participants under control just as the business expansion that guarantees benefit amplification for the organization. Presentation Woolworths Limited is a retail organization situated in Australia and whose activities spread over the outskirts to the neighboring New Zealand. The retailer chain bargains in a various of products and enterprises including food, alcohol, lodging administrations, among numerous others. Since its arrangement in 1924, Woolworths has been an example of overcoming adversity in the retail busin ess, extending quick to set up auxiliaries and procuring other retail marks on its development way. Today, the chain has an immense workforce of more than 191,000 and brags of A$2.14 billion in benefits according to the most recent figures recorded by close of business in 2011. (Chang, S Singh, H 2011,p.740). This paper examinations the company’s business procedure, researching its full scale condition just as checking its serious condition and breaking down its capabilities to the extent assets are concerned.Advertising Looking for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background data Woolworths Ltd is an open possessed organization with its investors base surpassing 420,000 individuals, 40,000 of whom are legitimately utilized by the organization (Woolworths Supermarkets 2011). The main Woolworths store was opened in downtown Sydney on December fifth, 1924 with an ostensible capital of just  £25,000. The company’s starting 11,707 offers were held by 29 individuals, five of whom were the authors. Woolworths spearheaded the conduction of exchanges utilizing sales enlists; every buy was joined by a receipted printed by means of the sales register. The amasses up the main worldwide branch in New Zealand in 1929 which managed all in all product. As a component of its extension program, the chains obtained Foodland general stores and Progressive Enterprises, bringing the complete number of Woolworths’ stores in Australia today to 750. Woolworths brand has today enhanced its business into 5 significant divisions which incorporates markets that predominantly stocks family units and staples. The alcohol division sells liquor items through Safeway Liquor, BWS which represents Beer Wine Spirits, Dan Murphy’s, Woolworth’s alcohol and Cellarmasters. The inn division is served by ALH Group while the general store chains additionally wandered int o the oil business through an association manage Caltex. Different divisions incorporate the shopper gadgets, General product and Home improvement (Woolworths Supermarkets 2011). Large scale Environment Analysis for the Industry The full scale condition examination considers outer powers whose impact in one manner or different influences the exhibition of the retail business when all is said in done and Woolworth markets specifically. Players in any business industry frequently come up short on the capacity to control these outside powers. World of politics The closer financial relations among Australia and New Zealand have profited Woolworth business execution for quite a while. The two nations have built up Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, ANZCERTA, which consolidates the two economies and in this way furnishes Woolworth with the opportunity to work in the developed economy (Woolworths Supermarkets 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom report t est on Strategic Analysis: A Case Study of Woolworths Ltd explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two nations likewise appreciate political strength which is an ideal domain for working together. This is a decent confirmation for investors, both local and remote, that their venture is protected and it is a motivator to them to include significantly more. The 2011 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook positioned Australia and New Zealand in positions 3 and 5 separately, which is a decent pointer that the two economies offer an ideal domain for business movement. With proceeded with political solidness, Woolworth is ready to develop and grow significantly more the same number of financial specialists are guaranteed of security if they choose to place their cash into the endeavor. There are no feelings of trepidation of political wars and uprisings that can influence the company’s business execution Economic components Australia and New Zealand offer monetarily s table condition that is useful for business action. The two nations, in contrast with different countries, have a high expectation for everyday comforts. The World Bank recognized Australia as a rich nation in 1995 while the country’s GDP hit the $ 1 trillion imprint in 2006. The economy’s development has been appraised at 3.3% per annum with one of the most elevated Purchasing Power Parity, PPP on the planet. In 2004, Australia’s PPP was recorded at $30,700. The nation has exceptionally low swelling and loan fees with perhaps the best framework on the planet. Its training offices are of cutting edge quality while a dominant part of the populace are rich. The World Health Organization ensures Australia’s crime percentages to be among the most minimal in the entire world. New Zealand has an expected Purchasing Power Parity PPP of US$28,250 which is generally high. The economy is comprised of assembling ventures just as an energetic help division which toge ther commendation the rural area. The country’s ostensible GDP is the 51st on the planet at $157.877 with a for every capita pay of $35,374 (Wright, P.1987, p.93).Advertising Searching for report on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More New Zealand’s economy has been on the ascent since 1984 after fast rebuilding that changed the economy to a changed one. Joblessness has tumbled to a record 3.4 percent in 2007 which was the fifth most minimal in OECD countries. The worldwide downturn of 2009, be that as it may, influenced the country’s economy contrarily fundamentally on the grounds that the nation exceptionally relies upon global pattern. The budgetary crunch pushed joblessness rates among the young to high figures of 17.4% in June 2011. Australia’s stable economy with the high expectations for everyday comforts of her populace predicts a worthwhile market for Woolworth’s business execution. More nationals have a high buying power due to the country’s high per capita salary and extremely low joblessness levels. Remote nationals who visit the nation in enormous numbers likewise make a gigantic lump of the market as they try different things with the one of a kind merchandise and en terprises offered in Australia. New Zealand is on the recuperation way of her economy following awful financial occasions somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2011. With the recuperation anticipates course, the nation has been encountering a mind gain as more experts who had picked to look for better work in Europe and America troop back. This suggests the country’s expectations for everyday comforts are set to improve in the momentary period as the issue of joblessness is handled. New Zealand’s Purchasing Power Parity is likewise relatively high and an improved expectation for everyday comforts for the whole populace will demonstrate considerable for the general execution of Woolworth. Socio-social components Woolworth has received a green way of life in its 2007-2015 supportability procedure. This suggests the organization is progressively mindful of practices that hurt the earth and has in this way embraced natural neighborly practices to benefit its customers and the general public on the loose. More customers are aware of their condition and couldn't imagine anything better than to buy and belittle things and merchandise that are natural. Woolworth further tends to singular needs of its clients by offering proficient and quick types of assistance. The natural mindfulness that is completed by the general store affixes keeps on drawing in more customers as everybody today couldn't imagine anything better than to be related with clean condition. Mechanical variables Woolworth keeps on putting vigorously in data correspondence innovation as it targets improving help conveyance and consumer loyalty. The self-checkout machine is because of the company’s activity and has kept on being imitated by different players in the business because of its comfort in business execution (Woolworths Supermarkets 2011). The machines were presented in 2008 and empower clients to examine, gauge, just as pay for their gained merchandise through charge, credit o r money cards. The Service Oriented Architecture is one more mechanical activity by Woo

Respiratory Ãare Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) - 2750 Words

Respiratory Ñare: Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) (Essay Sample) Content: Annotated Bibliography: Respiratory careNameInstitutionDateOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Grady, N. P., Murray, P. R., Ames, N. (2012). Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: does the evidence support the practice? JAMA, 307(23), 2534-2539.This article defines Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as one of the joint infection in patients and that it requires endotracheal tubes with ventilation. The author characterizes VAP with long ICU hospitalization days, high hospital bills, high mortality, and a wide duration of mechanical ventilation (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Grady et al.,2012). This paper clearly points out how difficult it is to diagnose VAP, its risk, and prevention strategies.The author describes the difficulty of diagnosing VAP by highlighting a case in the National Institute of Health Clinical Centre, where a woman was admitted. The woman was admitted due to worsening diarrhea and abdominal pains. A CT scan was performed on the chest and abdomen. She was intubated and extubated af ter eight days of improvement. Later on, her health failed again and was re-intubated but this time she did not survive death. There was difficulty in recognizing that the woman had a VAP infection.The article explores on prevention strategies of VAP and dwells on the bundle strategy (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Grady et al.,2012). He describes bundles as a set of processes that when issued as a group give more appealing results than when they are published individually. The author also notes that there is no reported information of reduced VAP cases because of using the bundles strategy. VAP is, therefore, an infection whose diagnosis process is complicated and its prevention strategies have not been fully established.Azab, S. F., Sherbiny, H. S., Saleh, S. H., Elsaeed, W. F., Elshafiey, M. M., Siam, A. G., ... Gheith, T. (2015). Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit using "VAP prevention Bundleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : a cohort study. BMC infectious diseases, 15(1), 314.This paper dwells on the use of bundles approach to prevent VAP. VAP is a persistent radiographic infiltrates and in infants is worsening gas exchange for those infants ventilated for more than forty-eight hours (Azab et al., 2015). The authors base their arguments on a study that was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Zagazig University in Egypt.The paper describes in detail how the study was conducted. The study took place in three periods; phase 1, the intermediate phase, and phase 2. The first took place for six months and involved a detailed summary of health institutes on the bundles approach. The intermediate took place for three months and involved the signing of documents by health providers. The last phase took place for six months that were used to access the efficiency of the bundles approaches (Azab et al., 2015).The researchers discovered that there was no difference in the mortality rates in phase 1 and phase 2 (Azab et al., 2015). They also found out the main infection-causing organism was known as Klebsiella pneumonia. The researchers also discovered that there was a reduction in VAP rates in NICU after application of the preventive bundles. The bundle included head elevation of a patient, hand hygiene, proper sterilization of respiratory care equipment, and using sterile water in the humidification system. The researchers also found out that there was a greater desired outcome when the bundles are applied together. The end research results show that there is reduced VAP infection during neonatal ventilation (Azab et al., 2015). Evidently, VAP will reduce when the bundles are applied in the right manner and adhered to strictly.Alsadat, R., Al-Bardan, H., Mazloum, M. N., Shamah, A. A., Eltayeb, M. F., Marie, A., ... Kherallah, M. (2012). Use of ventilator associated pneumonia bundle and statistical process control chart to decrease VAP rate in Syria. Avicenna journal of medicine, 2(4), 79.The author of this article ac knowledges the high costs, long hospitalization days, and high mortality that is associated with VAP. This editorial evaluates the implementation the VAP bundle in intensive care units for the mechanically ventilated patients to decrease VAP rates. The paper dwells on an eight-month study research.According to this article, the study was conducted in four teaching hospitals in Damascus. Compliance rates and VAP rates were observed in control charts. In hospital 1, the compliance rates increased from 33% to 91%, whereas the VAP rate decreased from 30 to 6.4 per 1000ventilator days. In hospital 2, the rate of conformity rose from 33% to 86% and the VAP rate increased 13 to 24 per 1000 ventilator days. In hospital 3, the compliance rate increased from 83% to 100% and the VAP rate decreased from 12 4.9 per 1000 ventilator days (Alsadat et al.,2012). There were no results in hospital four since the VAP bundle was not applied here (Alsadat et al.,2012).The author points out that studies t hat show that reduced VAP rates using VAP bundles are related to improvements in clinical outcomes. However, it is evident that where the bundle has not been implemented, then there will be no reduction rates in VAP as was in hospital 4. The difference in the results was due to several factors such as lack of nursing leadership, and lack of structured competency skills testing (Alsadat et al.,2012). The VAP bundle prevention method is, therefore, reliable in the prevention of VAP. Its success depends on the corporation of the hospital administration, physicians and the ICU personnel.Gu, W. J., Gong, Y. Z., Pan, L., Ni, Y. X., Liu, J. C. (2012). The impact of oral care with versus without tooth brushing for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care, 16(5), R190.In this article, the writer tries to establish whether oral care with tooth brushing can reduce VAP rates. The oral cavity provides a b reeding site for microorganisms responsible for VAP (Gu et al., 2012). The author criticizes previous attempts by researchers to establish the role of tooth brushing on VAP on ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation.The author goes into detail and discusses how he conducted his research. He says that the study was conducted by use of search engines such as Google Scholar to key out major points on tooth brushing or dental. The research evaluated the relevance of randomized controlled trials.According to the paper, the search produced 148 relevant works. In four studies, composing of 828 patients, the tooth brushing did not reduce the VAP rates on patients, neither did it reduce the mortality rates (Gu et al., 2012). The research also looked into a nonrandomized study that showed an association of tooth brushing with some reduced level of VAP. This research is not reliable since the results are obtained from a non-randomized study.The author finally acknowledges that oral care with or without tooth brushing does not significantly impact on the incident of VAP on ill patients that have been mechanically ventilated. However, this remains unclear since the research control trials were small scale and not well designed.Lawrence, P., Fulbrook, P. (2011). The ventilator care bundle and its impact on ventilatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ associated pneumonia: a review of the evidence. Nursing in Critical care, 16(5), 222-234.This article attempts to show the relationship between care bundles and VAP reduction. The author starts by defining a bundle as more than two interventions that are grouped together. The Ventilator care bundle comprises four measures that are grouped together. The author attempts to establish other the relationship between VAP and VCB through research for related articles (Lawrence Fulbrook, 2011).From the editorial, the research was conducted using Medline and PubMed databases. The research produced ten research results (Lawrence Fulbrook, 2011). Fr om the results, effects of VCB were mostly on VAP rates, mortality, and ICU and ventilator days. However, the ten research findings were limited in their designs since they did not have control, groups. The author puts it out that the relationship between VCB and VAP is not definite.According to the author, in clinical practice VCB relates to reduced VAP rates, though the evidence is not clear enough. Further and detailed research in VCB still needs to be established. Evidence-based practice is required to implement the research and ensure its compliance. This article did not secure the proof of its research, but still depicts that VCB causes a reduction in VAP rates.BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Rello, J. (2012). clinical microbiology and infection. ps vall d'Hebron: online.This paper explores the advantage of implementing care bundles to ICU patients. According to (Rello, 2012) the care bundles improves the patient health outcome by promoting changes in patient care and encouraging guidel ines compliance. The bundles help in the prevention of Ventilated-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).The objectives of the care bundles are to determine the impact of implementing a care bundle for VAP prevention on VAP rates and duration of mechanical ventilation. In addition, it determines any existing relationship between care bundles compliance and other outcomes and assessment of compliance level.The idea to promote patient safety in the ICU was developed by Catalonian quality improvement collaborative strategy. The strategies included; not implementing ventilator circuit changes unless clinically indicated and the incorporation of sedation into control patient care. Also, it involved the use of strict hand hygiene using alcohol-based antiseptic before manipulating the air ways, oral care and intra-cuff pressure control. Hand washing and intra-cuff pressure reduced the risk of developing VAP.

Essay about Biology Study Guide - 989 Words

II. BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Objective II.1 Identify the basic components of the neuron. Key Terms neuron dendrites axon cell body (soma) Exercises 1. What is a neuron? Neurons are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information 2. Label each part of the neuron. 1.Soma 2.Dendrites 3.Myelin sheath 4.Axon [pic] Objective II.2 Define action potential, and explain the processes that occur when a neuron is activated. Key Terms action potential resting potential Exercises 1. Number the events in the action potential in the order in which they occur.†¦show more content†¦__________EEG_________________ produces images of brain structure and function C. _______PET scan____________ produces images of metabolic activity in the brain D. _________CT scan___________ uses X-rays to produce images of brain structures E. ________MRI_______________ uses magnetic impulses to produce images of brain structures Objective II.8 Identify the medulla and cerebellum, and describe their functions. Key Terms brain stem medulla cerebellum Exercises 1. Fill in the chart: |Structure |Function | |Medulla |Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions | | |Such as breathing and circulation | |Cerebellum |Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement, balance | | | | Objective II.9 List the processes regulated by the hypothalamus. Key Terms hypothalamus Exercises 1. 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America And The Great War Essay - 1326 Words

America and the Great War Throughout history there has been competition for resources and domination. This competition has led to conflicts that have caused destruction, social disruptions and death. World War I was no exception to this competition. World War I was known as the war to end all wars and was caused by a combination of factors. Some causes of World War I was nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the main cause which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip of Serbia. While the United States attempted to remain neutral and stay out of the war, Germany choose actions that gave the U.S. no choice but to enter and help their Allies defeat the other powers. Militarism preferred force as a solution to problems, which was one of many things that led to World War I. Nations mobilized their military to show support for their alliances and as a method of inflicting fear to their enemies. 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Political Dynasty free essay sample

The Philippine Constitution is a Social Contract which embodies the fundamental principles and policies, according to which the Filipino people are governed by the State. The fundamental principles are abstract and as such they cover every aspect of the life of the Filipino people; while the fundamental policies cover specific areas of application of those principles. The fundamental principles remain fixed and permanent, but the policies built upon those principles can be modified or repealed by legislation to suit the needs of the times. The title is product of my out of the box philosophizing about the provisions of Section 1 and Section 26 taken together of Article II of our Constitution. I must say that philosophizing does not tell us my conclusions and/or thoughts are right or wrong, true or false, but it has certainly given me the basis upon which to present my meta-understanding of Section 1 and Section 26: Article II, Section 1 says: â€Å"The Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. † This is the most basic principle of the Constitution, and it refers to a natural law as formulated and accepted in the mind; it refers also to essential truth upon which other truths are based. Article II, Section 26: â€Å"The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. † This is a policy built upon the principle of Section 1, and it refers to a planned line of conduct in the light of which individual decisions on political dynasties are made and coordination is achieved. Moreover, political dynasties refer to the line of politicians of the same families. Every coin has two inseparable opposite sides – the head and the tail yet they complement each other as they are opposed to each other to constitute only one coin. Similarly, the political issue on dynasty has two opposite yet complementary sides (a) â€Å"the principle of political dynasty† of Section 1 and (b) the â€Å"the policy of political dynasty† of Section 26. Both Sections constitute one Article II. The policy of Section 26 names the specific area of application of the principle of Section 1 of the same Article II. The policy of Section 26 is built upon the basic principle of Section 1. Moreover, the fundamental principle of Section 1 remain fixed and permanent, but policies of Section 3 can be are modified or repealed by legislation to suit the needs and demands of the times. The People: The Creators and Masters of Political Dynasties The phrase â€Å"sovereignty resides in the people, and all government authority emanates from them† clearly shows that the people are the habitat of the sovereignty. However, â€Å"people† have two distinct yet mutually complementary meanings, namely, â€Å"people as electorate† which is the source of political power of elected politicians and â€Å"people as corporate nation† which is the reason for being of elected politicians. These â€Å"dual meanings of people† effectively signify that the elected politicians are â€Å"public servants† of the people; hence the people are their â€Å"boss and master† in our democratic and republican state, not the way around By virtue of their sovereign power, the people are superior to any and all existing political dynasties, whose reason for being is service to their masters, the people. On moral grounds, the people must be awakened to the reality that they are the boss of political dynasties, and therefore they have no reason to fear the, before, during, and after political elections. Centrality of Morality in the Constitution The centrality of morality to our Constitution is evident in the Preamble, in the imploration to Almighty God for aid to build a just and humane society and to establish a Government that shall embody the Filipino ideals and aspirations and promote their common good under a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace. The rest of the Constitution revolves around these moral ideals and moral values. These are the moral foundations of the Social Ethics Society. There are socio-economic phenomena in many areas of the country where the life-style and the exercise of political power by political dynasties is betrayal of public trust, because it is not in accord with the following moral imperatives and criteria of right and wrong in public service: â€Å"Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest life†. (Article X on Accountability) Every elected politician in the public service is bound to abide by those mandates. Congress had passed anti-graft and anti-corruption laws, e. g. RA No. 6713, also known as Code of Ethics for Government Officials and Employees, in the public service. However, it appears that many of our elected politicians pay only â€Å"lip service† to anti-Graft and Anti-Corruptions laws. For instance, there are widespread phenomena of bribery and corruption in the public service, reportedly perpetuated by corrupt politician, many of whom are allegedly members of political dynasties. Centrality of Morality to Legality The Preamble provides the moral grounds and the foundation of ethical politics of several Articles of the Constitution. No statutory law is enforceable if it is unconstitutional; and the Constitution cannot be enforced if it is immoral. The bottom line any enabling law on political dynasty is legally binding upon the Filipinos, only if it is constitutional and moral. A law that is moral is always constitutional, but a law that is constitutional is not necessarily moral. A Moral and Ethical Proposal I believe the policy of Section 26 which â€Å"prohibits political dynasties as may be defined by law† has two distinct opposite sides, (1) â€Å"the letter of the Constitution† which is the legalistic side, and (2) the â€Å"spirit of the Constitution† which is the ethical side. The pro-political dynasty advocates and promoters behave in accord with legal politics. Their action is legal so long as there is no law defining and enabling the constitutional prohibition against political dynasties. Therefore, the anti-dynasty advocates and promoters should stand on moral and ethical grounds against political dynasties. It is my proposal on moral and ethical grounds that the anti-dynasty advocates should develop and promote the concept of â€Å"political dynasty of the people† based on the principle of Section 1 face-to-face the â€Å"political dynasties of oligarchs† based on the policy of Section 26 but built upon the principle of Section 1. When there is a conflict between a principle and its policy, the principle should prevail over its policy. Moral, Ethical, and Legal Practices in Politics Moral and ethical are similar in meaning in that they both have to do with the difference between right and wrong. They are dissimilar in meaning in that ethical tends to refer to a code, system, theory, or standard of judging rightness or wrongness of moral behavior; whereas moral tends to refer to more concrete choices and issues that arouse strong feelings. In other words, moral refers to good and evil, while ethical refers to right and wrong. Because of the untruthful disclosure of his SALN per Code of Ethics, former SC Chief Justice Renato Corona was found ethically wanting for which he was impeached, despite his superior legalistic knowledge of law; Hence, we could say that â€Å"what is moral is always ethical, but what is ethical is not necessarily moral. † Hence, when an elected politician acts according to RA 6714, his behavior is ethical as well as legal â€Å"what is ethical is always legal, but what is legal is not necessarily ethical†. The Pursuit of Ethical Politics Our major problem in the pursuit of ethical politics is the lack of political will on the part of the people as electorate. Let us awaken and educate their political consciousness, and empower their political will by making them conscious of their being the political dynasty that is superior over all existing political dynasties of oligarchs† per mandate of Article II, Section 1 that the people are the habitat of sovereign power, but the exercise of such pwer is delegated and vested upon elected politicians. Assume that Congress would never pass the law enabling the policy against political dynasties; let us then resort to the principle of Section 1 in Article II. This principle does not require any enabling law because it is precisely the ultimate basis of all enabling laws. This is the principle why the political candidates try to win the votes of the people during political campaigns. We have indeed laws prescribing the requirements of the policy to vote. The Social Ethics Society can start the movement to marginalize the political dynasties,, if not altogether eliminate them eventually from the political landscape of the Philippine.

Your friend Dimitri has invited you to his graduat Essays

Your friend Dimitri has invited you to his graduation party. Write an e-mail/letter accepting the invitation and asking what you can do to help. Dear Dimitri, It was great to hear from you. I am sorry I haven't for such a long time. I hope everything is going well for you and your family. You can't imagine my excitement when I was informed about your graduation. Congratulations. Thank you so much for your invitation to your graduation party. I would love to come and help in whatever way possible. Your house has a great garden so I hope the weather will let us to enjoy the party over there. I believe that you should build a lively atmosphere so everyone feels more comfortable. In order to achieve that you should add more flowers, colorful balloons, ribbons and some fireworks. Furthermore concerning food and drinks you could prepare some home-made dishes and have some beverages in the fridge and anyone who is invite could bring desserts and more drinks instead of gifts. Moreover if you want any help with the music I could bring my laptop filled with a big collection of music tracks that can satisfy everyone's taste. Also I would suggest a theme party with dressing code. It would be lighten up the mood if everyone is dressed in a graduation uniform. In addition to the above except your closest friends you should also invite your former classmates and teachers. I'm sure they are the people who understand the most the significance of your achievement. I hope my suggestions will help you with the upcoming party. Give my regards to your family and I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Your friend, George

Todays Republican Party essays

Today's Republican Party essays The Republican Party of today is pro-business, pro-tax cuts, and pro-defense. The Republican Party claims these "issue labels" is the reason why individuals should be a Republican. However, the Republican Party has come a long way from these present day labels. It is historically known as the party of Abraham Lincoln the first Republican President who signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The party was founded in the early 1850's by anti-slavery activists who believed that government should give out free land grants to settlers (Republican National Committee). Since its early beginnings, the Republicans have always stood for individuals, not the government. It is this individualistic ideology that has continued to gear the party's focus on a smaller, less intrusive government. Hence, they feel the best decisions are made close to home. The Republican Party takes a pro-business stance on economic issues for it feels the business sector, better known as the private marketplace, is the backbone of our economy. The Republican view on business is that corporations create the job market and must not be regulated. They feel if corporations are free to roam around without paying taxes or conforming to regulation it creates an economic boom. They see government regulation, and a heavy tax on corporations develop a poor job market. This is true according to L. Brooks Patterson, Chairman of the Oakland County Republican Party who states, "It is the party that is pro-business because business creates jobs, jobs produce payrolls and payrolls contribute to a quality of life that is unique to the world" (Patterson). The Republican Party also has strong ties to the private, financial sector known as "Wall Street." The Republicans and Wall Street have always had a strong alliance with one another. The alliance is noticeabl e according to Karen Gibbs, former vice president of Dean Witter Reynolds Investments and columnist for Wall Street W...

Properties of PVC/ABS blends

Properties of PVC/ABS blends Introduction Polymer blending is one of the fastest growing areas of polymer technology. Blending of polymer has become an increasingly important technique because it is an economical, viable and versatile way in which new material can be produced with a wide range of properties by merely using conventional processing equipment such as extruder or internal mixer. Polyvinyl chloride is most versatile material in plastic family and second largest consumption material in plastic industries compared to polyolefin’s. It is characterized by rigidity, hardness, excellent tensile modulus and low cost. However, it has low impact strength and poor thermal stability. Which limit’s it’s used. Similarly, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) is one of most largely used engineering plastics. It has excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical & chemical properties. Followed by inferior properties such as poor weather resistance, highly flammable and merely high cost. Polyvinyl c hloride is largely blended with number of polymers and rubbers. In most cases, to improve properties of PVC and rarely to improve properties of other materials. One of most inferior properties of PVC is low impact strength. To overcome this problem, it is blended with many rubbery materials. It has been shown that impact strength of PVC increases by blending with rubbery material such as NBR, SBR etc. But, it follows the decrease in tensile strength, rigidity and in most cases thermal stability. Hence to achieve high impact strength, better thermal properties along with rigidity, PVC is blended with ABS. The blend of PVC and ABS posses their advantage of impact strength, rigidity, chemical resistance, electrical properties and overall low cost. In ABS, generally the rubbery phase is made of emulsion polymerized polybutadiene, which constitutes the main polymer chain. The glassy phase is made of styrene and acrylonitrile grafted on Polybutadiene. Thus, it combines the impact strength of rubber and tensile strength, heat stability of styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Matrix. Thus properties of styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) and polybutadiene are imparted in PVC/ABS blend. Compatibility of Polyblend of PVC/ABS blends Compatibility is characteristics, which shows that components of blends are soluble in one another in all proportion. However, compatible blends are susceptible to phase separation at elevated temperature. While preparing blend, it is necessary to consider compatibility of components of blend with each other, which are used to prepare blends. In case of PVC/ABS blend, PVC and ABS are used as blend components. ABS is made by emulsion polymerization of SAN grafted by Polybutadiene. Polystyrene and Polybutadiene, have solubility parameter close to PVC. Although, solubility parameter of PS and Polybutadiene are close to PVC, they do not have good compatibility because of their being non-polar nature. While Acrylonitrile imparts good compatibility because of itâ⠂¬â„¢s polar nature (as shown in table). Solubility parameter of components of PVC/ABS blend    Yodouchi and Seto reported that in ABS material, the brittle and glassy component ( PS and SAN) improves tensile strength while Polybutadine contribute to toughness. The mechanical properties have been shown to be affected by type of ABS used, due to different Polybutadiene content.

Effect of e-readers on the publishing industry Assignment

Effect of e-readers on the publishing industry - Assignment Example ed that social exchange theory is taking place on an international level as the humanity has learned the art and science of communicating across cultures and borders. The internationalization of communication and socialization is identified as essence of the notion known as global village (Graham 1998). In recent years, leading technological companies have launched devices that have been blessed with the capability of helping people in accessing and downloading books and other kinds of literature. The old fashion and traditional practice of reading books in a printed format is ending. Major number of publications is being provided to public in an electronic format while the most used format is called Portable Document Format (PDF). The conventional method of providing printing books got very expensive and therefore, the major publishing companies such as McGraw Hill initiated to provide publications in an electronic format. The basic and fundamental purpose of using electronic devices as sources of accessing literature is to drive down the production costs whereas, the end readers are also provided with significant level of cost advantages. In summary, it can be urged and argued that availability and cost of printed information has notably increased and decreased respectively (Pan & Leidner 2003). The current period, the customers and common peoples information has considerably risen and therefore, companies and governments are facing problems in justifying their filthy practices from public. The publishing companies are offering books and research journals in e-format and they provide printed copies on special request only. The supporters of high involvement of technology in knowledge management argue that human mind is well accustomed to understanding materials in print format. They also suggest that human sensory centers are experiencing growing and noticeable level of stress because of focusing on screens. But, these potential disadvantages will subside as

Economy in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economy in Russia - Essay Example Russia has to deal with persistent economic problems, which include: The consensus and eventual policy position taken in Russia was that in order for the Russian economy to develop and benefit from the increasing integration of the global market and trade, policy reforms must be instituted. These reforms should directly address the challenges cited above. The past few years saw policy pronouncements that include price reform, the privatization of enterprise, macroeconomic stabilisation and fiscal decentralisation. Beginning in 1992, the government began instituting economic reform in these areas and based on the trajectory of growth of the Russian economy up to the present, it is clear that some of the governmental policies have worked. Terterov (2004), for example, cited how investments to the country has overtaken capital flight, which has been the pattern in the past. As a result the economy has received a substantial boost, particularly in manufacturing and industrial sector, helping to create jobs and revenue for the state (Terterov 2004). Empirical research has also shown the positive link between governmental reform and wage increase and unemployment (Gerber 2006). Wolf and Lang (2006) in a study for the RAND Corporation reported that the recent impressive economic performance can be attributed to decentralized decision-making and the change in resource allocation from the previous state and bureaucratic allocation to the resource allocation through the market. During Vladimir Putin’s administration, Russia was finally recognized as a market economy. The United States and the European Union declared this in June 2012. This is important for Russia because being classified as one means better opportunities for trade with other countries. For example, as a result of the recognition, the United States has removed several restrictions and guidelines that govern the US trading relationships with nonmarket economies

Corruption in Hamlet :: Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Corruption in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   An incidental comment from a minor character lays down, in the opening moments of Shakespeare's Hamlet, the theme which is to pin together all its aspects. Francisco the guard says, 'I am sick at heart.' [Act I. Sc. I, 29]. Francisco's sick melancholy is in keeping with the atmosphere of corruption and decay which permeates the play; unexplained, difficult to define, but with a clear component of dread. And, typically, his expression of misgivings is misinterpreted, perhaps even underestimated. Barnardo, seeking palpable reasons for Francisco's distraction, asks whether Francisco has had a quiet watch. Perhaps he wonders if the ghost has disturbed Francisco, but whatever is ailing Franciso remains secret, simply becoming a part of the anxious atmosphere.       We are constantly reminded of the pervading atmosphere of decay through the imagery used in the play. It is a significant point that the ghost, the only character that could arguably be termed an outside observer, and who is certainly qualified to make some form of prophetic judgement, should be one of the prime sources of imagery of decay, poison and rotting.    Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole With juice of cursed hebona in a vial, And in the porches of my ears did pour The leperous distilment . . . . . . doth posset And curd, like eager droppings into milk, the thin and wholesome blood. So did it mine. And a most instant tetter barked about, Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust All my smooth body [Act I, Sc. v, 66 - 78]    A graphic description, especially since only moments before the ghost had instructed Hamlet not to pity it!    Throughout the play we can trace a progression of corruption, that leads to death, through 'disease' in the characters of Polonius, Claudius and Hamlet.       Polonius is perhaps the most obviously corrupt character in Hamlet. His corruption has occurred long before the play begins; the progression is in the extent to which it is revealed to us. From this courteous, almost comically long-winded member of the court, emerges a personality that is first dominating (as he instructs Laertes: 'These few precepts in thy memory/ Look thou character.' [Act I, Sc. iii, 63]), clearly abusive towards Ophelia:    Affection? Pooh! You speak like a green girl, Unsifted in such perilous circumstance,

Development of the Renaissance Centralized Church Plan Essay

Analyze the development of the centralized church plan in Renaissance architecture (15th and 16th centuries). In your examples, include an analysis of meaning and symbolism. During the Renaissance period, new centralized church plans developed as a result of a more scientific approach to nature. The idea of precise proportions and measurement emerged through Vitruvius’ theory regarding human anatomy. Vitruvius described how human body, with extended arms and legs, fits perfectly into the most basic geometrical shapes: circle and square. This concept triggered the minds of artists during the Renaissance to take on a new approach for church plans (Honour and Fleming 444-445). However, it is not until the fifteenth century that the centralized plan was regarded as a divine expression when Alberti discussed scientific method of maintaining God’s image through mathematical approach in De Re Aedificatoria, a treatise containing the first full program of the ideal Renaissance church (Tavernor 30). From Alberti’s perspective, a centralized plan should reveal God’s symbol while keeping pure forms of absolute mathematics in the structure, therefore the Greek-Cross figure is favored (Heydenreich 36). His theory influenced many others to realize the importance of the Greek-Cross planning method, and this is reflected in works such as S. Sebastiano, Maria Della Carceri and St. Peter’s. Thus, the Greek-Cross centralized church plan was developed, that became the divine figure for Renaissance architecture. The development of Greek-Cross plan is derived from Alberti’s theoretical demands based on Vitruvius’ basic principles of accuracy and proportions. In the early sixteenth century, Vitruvius began answering questions regarding how a buildings proportion is constructed through human anatomy (Wittkower 22). Such question is further raised through Vitruvian figures drawn within a square and circle became a symbol of the mathematical relationship between man and god through geometry (Wittkower 25). Alberti, who suggested that to obtain architectural perfection, one must follow the basic laws of symmetry and proportions, expanded on these early ideas. In his treatise, he had defined the laws of symmetry and proportion through the physical characteristics of the human body (Tavernor 40). There, he combined a square and circle to generate the image of the geometrical shapes in relation to human anatomy, identical to Leonard Da Vinci’s drawing of a man with outstretched limbs located within a circle and square (figure 1). Alberti’s intention was to clarify the ideal architectural beauty for others during the time, through accuracy and precision (Tavernor 40). The Greek Cross central plan is developed through three transformations from the square, square plus one-half, square plus one third, and the square doubled (Murray 58). If these square ratios are applied to architectural plans, more complex figures can be produced; subsequently the centralized Greek Cross plan was developed and was a visible expression of the Divine Proportion. (Smith) Alberti’s obsession over geometrical perfection involved applying his theory within the interior structure as well. For example, the height of the wall up to the vaulting in round churches should be one-half, two thirds of three quarters of the diameter of the plan. These proportions of one to two, two to three, and three to four conform to Alberti’s law of harmony, written in his treatise (Murray 58 58). It was Alberti who expressed the theory of beauty in his writing, which became so influential for the High Renaissance. He defined beauty, â€Å"harmony and concord of all the parts, so that nothing could be added or subtracted except for the worse† (Smith). From Alberti’s explanation, the symbolism of the Greek Cross is regarded as a beautiful and natural figure, representing every aspect of God due to the precise measurements on all sides of the shape. Therefore, Alberti argued â€Å"Beauty will result from the beautiful form and from the correspondence of the whole to the parts, of the parts amongst themselves, and of these again to the whole; so that the structures may appear an entire and complete body† (WIttkower 31). He believed to thoroughly appreciate Renaissance architecture, one should understand architecture is not based on theories of function but rather view it as mathematical theory of proportion (Smith). Another significance from the Greek Cross central plan is signifying the development of Renaissance architecture. For Alberti and architects of the Renaissance, the emphasis on classicism is ideal, which challenges a different approach from the previous. Pursuing mathematical order and simplicity of pure whites have replaced the Roman gothic style churches (Heydenreich 27). Also, the prominence of classical features is more suited for Alberti’s theory of proportion so that all sizes and shapes are defined. A clear example of Renaissance classicism is S. Sebastiano, where Alberti used Greek-Cross plan that shows almost all of his own theoretical requirements as well as several classical elements in the architectural design (figure 4) (Murray 59). Alberti’s argument for incorporating classicism, a high flight of steps and pilasters at the temple front is best supported by architect Palladio’s correspondence with Alberti’s ideas: â€Å"buildings in which the supreme Being is invokved and adored should stand in the most noble part of the city, raised above the rest of the city†¦they ought to be built so that nothing more beautiful could be imagined and those who enter should be transported into a kind of ecstacy in admiring their grace and beauty. Buildings dedicated to the omnipotent God should be strong and everlasting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wittkower 31) This idea of rising above is coherent to Leonardo Da Vinci’s principle, which he adhered to in all his designs (Wittkower 26). S. Sebastiano exemplifies the meticulous image of Renaissance beauty, and developing architectural style beyond the Roman gothic style (Smith). Another example of a building resembling absolute proportion is St. Maria Della Carceri, designed by architect Giuliano Da Sangallo. After Alberti’s treatise on architecture was published in 1485, the centrally planned church became popular. Many architects during the Renaissance conformed to his law of harmony. Within the same year, the church of St. Maria Delle Carceri was the first Greek-Cross structure built. The entire interior and exterior description of Giuliano da Sangallo’s church complies with Alberti’s theoretical demands, demonstrating the impact Alberti made through his publication (Wittkower 31). The plan for St. Maria Delle Carceri is based on the two elementary figures of square and circle, where the depth of the arms is half their length and the four end walls of the cross are as long as they are high, therefore forming a perfect square (figure 2). The structure contains desirable symbolic feature by integrating a dome in the center. It appeals more to Christianity to represents closure towards heaven or God’s presence. The grand church is viewed as â€Å"†¦a majestic simplicity, the undisturbed impact of its geometry, the purity of its whiteness are designed to evoke in the congregation a consciousness of the presence of God – of a God who has ordered the universe according to immutable mathematical laws, who has created a uniform and beautifully proportioned world, the consonance and harmony of which is mirrored in His temple below.† (Wittkower 31) Donato Bramante was another architect who responded to historian’s theory concerning centralized plan. His designs are similar to Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawings on centralized plan, where he sketched numerous centrally planned forms and illustrates complex geometrical forms from the first simple shape (figure 5). Da Vinci’s intentions were interpreting Vitruvius’ explanation more accurately through visual art (figure 1) (Wittkower 25). The importance of these drawings reflects Da Vinci’s conscious theoretical speculations for which a new technique of representation is produced (Wittkower 25). Although Da Vinci did not build anything, through his illustrations, Bramente was profoundly influenced that affected the sixteenth century approach. It is likely that those drawings allowed Bramante to comprehended the versatile of geometrical shapes, influencing architecture (figure 4) (Honour and Fleming 444-445). There is even evidence to believe that Bramante’s early design for St. Peter’s was much influenced by Leonardo’s drawings of centrally planned structures. (Honour and Fleming 444-445) When Bramante was appointed to redesign the Saint Peter’s at the beginning of the sixteenth century, he envisioned the new it as a grander version of his previous architectural design: a central, Greek cross plan building. The design must continue the ancient Roman tradition of domed temples, therefore St. Peter’s is crowned by an enormous dome. Bramante, like others before him, combined the symbol of the Greek cross with the symbolic values of centralized geometry. (Wittkower 34). Bramante submitted his Greek cross design on a large scale, which reflects Alberti’s humanist-Christian idea in pure form. In Renaissance thinking, Bramante’s St. Peter’s central plan and dome also symbolized the perfection of God (Honour and Fleming 444-445). Certainly, so overwhelming was Bramante’s design that none of his successors could divert his influence (Honour and Fleming 444-445). The impact of the Greek cross was enormous for the development of Renaissance centralized plan. The geometrical figure is a result of Alberti’s in depth mathematical approach of viewing nature (Tavonor 42). Many Renaissance architects utilized the Greek Cross plan due to Alberti and other historians theory regarding obtaining architectural beauty. For them, comparing building structures to human anatomy proportion was essential in defining what is ideal. More importantly, the Greek cross symbolizes divinity. Vitruvius also discussed the relationship between the human body and geometry, which is crucial for the creation of the Greek cross (Wittkower 25). Such explanation expanded by Alberti influenced the formation in several significant churches, such as the Maria Della Carceri, St. Peter’s design and S. Sebastiano. Architects who designed these churches corresponded with Alberti’s argument, therefore demonstrating the wide acceptance of the Greek Cross. MLA Citations Heydenreich, L. Architecture in Italy, 1400-1500. rev. ed., New Haven, 1996. Honour and Fleming, The Visual Arts: a History, 4th ed, 1995, 444-445. http://www.phs.poteau.k12.ok.us/williame/APAH/readings/Bramante’s%20Tempietto,%20St%20Peters,%20Michelangelo.pdf Murray, P. The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance. London, 1963. Smith, Bernard. â€Å"University of Melbourne.† University of Melbourne. Print. http://shaps.unimelb.edu.au/public-resources/database-resources/bernardsmith/lectures/BSmith-HighRenaissance.pdf. Tavernor, R. On Alberti and the Art of Building. New Haven, 1998. Wittkower, R. Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism. 3rd ed., London, 1962. Figures Figure 1: Da Vinci’s human anatomy drawing http://www.centopietrevenice.typepad.com/ca_centopietre_bed_and_br/2009/11/leonardothe-vitruvian-man-between-art-and-science-accademia-galleries.html Figure 2: S. Maria Della Carceri centralized plan by Giuliano Da Sanglio Figure 3: S. Sebastiano front view http://architecturetraveljournal.blogspot.ca/2008/02/san-sebastiano-mantua.html Figure 4: S. Sebastiano centralized plan http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/14-italian-renaissance-ii-/deck/2633566 Figure 5: Leonardo Da Vinci’s drawing on centralized plan http://www.art.com/products/p12016104-sa-i1452778/leonardo-da-vinci-sketch-of-a-square-church-with-central-dome-and-minaret.htm Figure 6: Bramante’s St. Peter’s design http://mexichino-jr.blogspot.ca/2011/06/bramantes-st-peters-rome.html

Essay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor

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